Understanding Macular Degeneration: A Guide to Age-Related Vision Changes

Eye care
Written By Lucinda Howard

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a common eye condition that affects the macula, a small area near the centre of the retina at the back of the eye. The macula is responsible for sharp, central vision, which is necessary for activities like reading, recognizing faces, and driving.

There are two main types of macular degeneration:

Dry AMD (also known as Atrophic AMD) is the most commonly occurring form of macular degeneration, accounting for approximately 85-90% of cases. This condition is marked by a gradual breakdown of the light-sensitive cells in the macula, which can eventually lead to a gradual loss of central vision. The progression of this condition is typically slow and can cause blurred or distorted vision.

Wet AMD (Neovascular AMD) Although less common, wet AMD is more severe. It involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina, which can leak blood and fluid, causing sudden and significant vision loss. Wet AMD can progress rapidly and requires prompt medical attention to prevent further vision loss.

The exact causes of macular degeneration are not fully understood, but it is primarily associated with ageing. Other risk factors include genetics, smoking, and a family history of the condition. There is currently no cure for macular degeneration, but there are treatment options available, particularly for wet AMD. These treatments may include medications that are injected into the eye to slow the growth of abnormal blood vessels or laser therapy.

Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection and management of macular degeneration. 

macular degeneration illustration

Two types of macular degeneration

Reducing your risk of AMD

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD), there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk and promote eye health:

Maintain a Healthy Diet:
Consume a diet rich in green, leafy vegetables like spinach and kale, as well as colourful fruits and vegetables, which provide essential vitamins and antioxidants that are beneficial for eye health.

Eat foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, tuna, and flaxseed, which may have protective effects on the macula.

Quit Smoking:
Smoking is a significant risk factor for AMD. If you smoke, quitting can lower your risk.

Protect Your Eyes from UV Light: 
Wear sunglasses that block both UVA and UVB rays when you are outdoors, as prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light may contribute to the development of AMD.

Maintain a Healthy Weight:
Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of AMD. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help reduce this risk.

Manage Blood Pressure and Cholesterol:
High blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels can be risk factors for AMD. Managing these conditions through a healthy lifestyle and, if necessary, medication can help protect your eye health.

Exercise Regularly:
Engaging in regular physical activity is associated with a lower risk of AMD. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week.

Control Blood Sugar:
If you have diabetes, it's important to manage your blood sugar levels, as uncontrolled diabetes can contribute to eye problems, including AMD.

Regular Eye Exams:
Schedule regular comprehensive eye exams with an eye care professional, especially if you have a family history of AMD or other risk factors.

Consider Nutritional Supplements:
Studies suggest that supplements containing vitamins C and E, lutein, zeaxanthin, and zinc may benefit those at risk of AMD. Consult an eye doctor before starting any supplements..

It's important to remember that while these lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of AMD, they do not guarantee prevention. Regular eye exams and early detection are crucial for managing AMD, as some forms of the condition may not have obvious symptoms in the early stages. Consult with your healthcare provider or an eye specialist for personalized advice on reducing your risk of macular degeneration.

The information presented here reflects general information about eye health and eye protection but of course, there are always exceptions to these.

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